Also Fish Bite Therapy for Health Risk

Therapy fish, you know him right? The therapy is becoming a trend in several countries including Indonesia this involves small fish to bite the dead skin cells. Clients simply dipping their toes into the shallow pool filled with hundreds of tiny Garra Rufa fish, then let the fish 'work' nibble your dead skin layer.

However, be careful. People with weakened immune systems or open wounds at risk of contracting the infection through this therapy. Is an organization of the Health Protection Agency (HPA), which reminded of this and advise people with diabetes or psoriasis to not melakukaan this therapy.

In fact, a spokesman for the HPA said the risk of most 'creepy' from this therapy, the likelihood of contracting hepatitis or HIV / AIDS.

Dr Hilary Kirkbride, consultant epidemiologist at the HPA, said the infection can be transmitted in various ways - from fish to bite people during the process, from contact with contaminated water, or from person to person by sharing the same tank.

In the UK, this therapy was popular. In salons, spa fish, so termed, is flooded with customers.

Spa fish have been banned in some U.S. states.

Despite recent warnings, pampering treatments have been embraced by the

Some celebrities and sports stars also become customers, including Manchester City footballer Vincent Kompany, and the famous TV presenter Amy Childs and James Argent.

Sources: AP

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Issues Still Being Cause of Death

Water-related diseases, sanitation and hygiene issues (hygiene) on the basis of data the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008 contributed 3.5 percent of total deaths in Indonesia.
While one of the diseases caused by three things, namely diarrhea, accounted for one death in children under five in Indonesia, by 25 percent according to data of Health Research Association, 2007.
The main problem that affects the sanitation problem. Includes many factors such as sanitary sewers clogged, wash and bathe in polluted rivers, indiscriminate defecation, latrine who carelessly, industrial waste disposal in residential areas and disposal of feces of wild mud.
Director General of Disease Control and Environmental Health, Tjandra Yoga Aditama, said facilities such as washing bath toilet (MCK) is still an obstacle for some communities in Indonesia. So is the toilet with a discharge that is not true.
In addition to water-related diseases, sanitation and hygiene, the mortality rate is also greatly influenced by the behavior of Indonesia. ''These diseases could be avoided by living a clean and healthy behaviors (PHBs),''said Tjandra.
Diseases such as diarrhea, intestinal worms and typhoid can be transmitted from unclean hands. Unfortunately, the behavior of washing hands is still rarely done. In general, the behavior of washing hands with soap Indonesian people are still very low. Handwashing behavior data Ministry of Health 2010 recorded only 23 percent of people who wash their hands with soap. Doubled compared to 2007 which amounted to 11 percent.
Even so, diarrhea morbidity study in 2010 by the Ministry of Health showed a decrease with diarrhea from 423 per thousand population to 411 per thousand population. According to Tjandra, handwashing with soap is a simple way to maintain health and could reduce cases of diarrhea by 47 percent, upper respiratory tract infections (ARI) and bird flu by 50 percent.

Thalassemia Disease Continues to Increase

Chairman of the Parents Association of People with Thalassemia Indonesia (POPTI) Bogor branch Setionegoro Dr. Djoko said, the trend increase in thalassemia disease in the community continues to increase every year.
"Peningatakan reach him every 5 to 10 percent in Indonesia, while in West Java, every 3,000 births, 300 infants likelihood of them suffering from thalassemia disease," said Dr. Djoko Setionegoro, in Bogor on Monday.
Djoko explained, the introduction of thalassemia is still lacking in the community. Many people are not familiar with the blood disorder.
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder disease of the elderly are genetically differentiated into thalassemia minor (trait carrier / normal life) and Thalassemia major (requiring blood transfusion).
In the area of ​​Bogor own quite a lot of people with thalassemia. Based on data from POPTI Bogor branch, number of patients with thalassemia as many as 244 people.
These diseases affect anyone, from age six months to 33 years. This disease makes sufferers rely on blood transfusions.
Thalassemia sufferers are living from blood transfusions. However, transfusion carries unfavorable effects for patients, such as iron in the patient's body increases.
"In some cases, iron overload can cause darkening of skin color, but if the iron was wrapped around the heart it will be very dangerous," he said.
To overcome these advantages, the patient should be given an iron chelation drug that serves as a binder and remove excess iron is provided regularly and continuously.
Djoko said, one way to prevent the development of Thalassemia in the community is to do a health check (checks the blood), particularly for couples who want to get married.
According to Djoko premarital medical examination is very important given the Thalassemia is a genetic hereditary disease from both parents. "So it's very important to do blood tests for couples getting married for both parents know the health history," he said.
Meanwhile, Chairman of the Bogor branch POPTI Day, Robby Kurniawan said, during the period of two years (2010-2011) Thalassemia has claimed four lives Bogor residents of a total 244 existing patients.
According to Robby, the majority of causes of death due to cardiovascular complications due to blood transfusion that is not offset by taking iron chelation.
"The lives of people with Thalassemia is a blood transfusion, but transfusion was brought unfavorable effects such as iron in the patient's body to increase," he said.

Source : Antara

Slimming With Online Sports


A visit to a health club in Second Life virtual community is likely to help streamlinethe body. According to fitness experts, participated in a 12-week program tostreamline the body in real and online that will both lose the same weight.

Indiana University researchers in the United States said in a conference thatconfidence and motivation that is built up in online fitness training continues in normal life. A British psychologist says a mix of online and direct exercisepractice in the gym may be the best way to lose weight.

Second Life, launched in 2003 to give its members the opportunity to have an online identity and interact with other members in the internet world.

Dr. Jeanne Johnston, who led the study, presented his study at the Conference ofthe American College of Sports Medicine in Denver. He is also working with thecommunity of body streamlining interactive Second Life Island.

People who are overweight and obesity were recruited to participate in an onlineprogram and similar programs in person. Both courses lasted four hours eachweek either in Second Life and the real world.

Most of the women who join this program with the age of 46 years in Second Life.Meanwhile, women who participated in a fitness program in the real world was aged 37 years. The result, for 12 weeks following the program to streamline the body, they both managed to lose weight with an average weight loss of up to 5kilograms.

Sources: www.bbc.co.uk

Laugh.....Pain relievers panacea Valuable Offers

Want to be free from pain? Laugh with your peers. Sincere and spontaneous laughter produces similar chemicals that will flood the brain opium so as to reduce the pain, according to research in the UK.

In that study, some respondents were asked to watch two television shows are contradictory, ie events of humor ranging from bean to Mr. miniseries Friends. The others watched the show 'serious' golf range and course of life in the wild.

Other tests performed on other respondents in the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, where they watch a comedy show directly or theatrical drama.

At the same time, they measured the level of resistance to pain.

Only in 15 minutes, those who laugh are able to tolerate pain for up to 10 percent than those who did not laugh. "They are laughing about three times or more indicates a high tolerance to pain," said Robin Dunbar, head of the Institute of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Oxford who led the research.

Protection of the pain is coming from the endorphins, a complex chemical compound that helps transmit messages between neurons, which dull the pain signals are physically and psychological. Endorphins are produced when the laughter can also be produced during physical exercise such as running, swimming, and yoga.

Prevent Degenerative Disease with Algae


Degenerative diseases (premature aging), either chronic or not, have often encountered upon modern society. This caused some people do not treat your body well and unhealthy lifestyle. For example, smoking, drinking alcoholic beverages, lack of exercise, lack of rest, stress, eating less proportionally, and environmental pollution. No medical drugs that can cure this illness scientifically. 

However, degenerative diseases can be minimized with Cryptomonadales fact, a type of algae that live in fresh water clean and contain complete nutrition to help regenerate cells that have been damaged. 


Algae (algae) was found by Wang Shun Cryptomonadales Tee, a lecturer and teacher biodemikal of Technology at Ping Tung University in Taiwan. He has conducted research for 30 years before finally finding the algae.Cryptomonadales algae''is elliptical, which is a new product developed through biotechnology,''said Wang Shun Tee. 


According to Wang Shun Tee, Cryptomonadales is the species with the best quality of this type of Chlorella sorokiniana. Cryptomonadales, he added, is algae (algae) which is an elliptical new product research and development of superior two types of algae, namely Chlorella and Spirulina. He claimed to replicate itself Cyptomonadales with procedures, treatments, and a rigorous selection.Cryptomonadales''grow very fast, stable seed, with a thin cell membrane, and contain Cryptomonadales Growth Factor (CGF) is high, vitamins, and other rare elements,''he explained. 


Cryptomonadales, said Wang, need solar energy to bring the process of photosynthesis. That is, it requires only air, water, and sun. The addition of production from Cryptomonadales in every generation, he added, from a single cell can be four within 24 hours. Its growth''quickly than fruit or vegetable that takes four to six months to harvest. With world population growing, this is going to help because its production quickly,''he said. 


Wang is also president of the International Chlorella then have the full support of Health Department of Taiwan through a series of studies headed by Prof. Ih-Jen Su, PhD, an alumnus of Harvard Medical School, USA, and Dr. Chun Chian Yu from the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Prof. Shi and Jan from the Department Biotechnology, Cheng Kung University, Taiwan. Of research was born tablets, powders, and liquid extract Cryptomonadales very quickly absorbed by the body. 


Moreover, in medical research has also shown that Cryptomonadales contain high concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids of high quality and activator of PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors, Receptor Activating Lipid Micro, or Chlorella Lipid Substance). `'Cryptomonadales also contains concentrations of proteins, carbohydrates, and unsaturated fatty acids are high,''said Wang.

Plant Enhancer Stamina


Indonesia is known as a country rich with natural resources. Abundant availability from Sabang to Merauke. In fact, some species of plants and herbs believed to have many properties that are beneficial to human health, including restoring stamina in men. Several other plants are believed to have the efficacy increase stamina men, among others : 

1. Ginseng Extract 
Ginseng is a plant with efficacy increasing stamina, physical performance, enhance sex drive, improve blood flow, and delaying the aging process and decrease tissue or organ function. 

2. Damiana extract. 
Damiana (Turnera aphrodisiaca) merit increase male stamina is a plant small shrubs with aromatic leaves typical. This plant is used as an aphrodisiac (a substance used to stimulate sexual power), antidepressant, tonic and diuretic. 

3. Yohimbe Extract Yohimbe extract is an alkaloid derived from plants Pausinystalia yohimbe, and beneficial to increase male stamina. The effect widens the blood vessels, improving blood flow, particularly in the erectile tissue.
4. Muira Puama Muira Puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides) is a plant of the Brazilian shrub that is used as an aphrodisiac and nervous system stimulant.
5. Siberian Ginseng Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) is used to increase stamina and improve resistance to stress.
6. Ginger Ginger (Zingiber officinale ROSCs) are seasonal plants which are found in Indonesia and elsewhere. Ginger contains volatile oil, resin, mineral sineol, fellandren, camphor, zingiberin, zingiberol, gigerol, lipidas, amino acids, niacin, vitamin A, B1, C, and protein. Behind it was a spicy, ginger has a property to stimulate the release of the hormone adrenaline, the blood vessels widen and accelerate blood flow. Ginger also contains antioxidants that help neutralize the damaging effects caused by free radicals in the body

Want Immune Down Easy, Avoid These Foods


The immune system protects the body from infection and disease. If you want a body resistant and strong, you should not be too often consume foods and substances such as those mentioned below.

Several factors are indeed a barrier and reduced immune system such as stress, insomnia, smoking, eating habits and lack of exercise and other medical conditions. Where children and adults decreased immune system.
Here are some foods that are known to lower the immune system, and this is what you should avoid as quoted from the LIVESTRONG:
1. Red Meat
These foods are major sources of saturated fat, which if consumed in excessive amounts can increase the risk of high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, and other diseases associated with decreased immune system.
The expert from the Cleveland clinic advised people to reduce datau avoid sources of saturated fats such as (hot dogs, sausage, bacon, ribs and red meat).
2. Butter and Margarine
Margarines that contain unsaturated fats that can damage a healthy heart and immune system, the director of the Yale Prevention Research Center in Connecticut, the U.S. said unsaturated fats contribute to causing inflammation.
This makes the immune system can not generate the appropriate protection and good for the body. For that reason, replace butter and margarine with vegetable oils such as olive and canola to strengthen the immune system.
3. High Fat Milk Products
Dairy products containing high fat levels are an additional source of saturated fat.Cleveland Clinic suggested that we choose milk, Youghurt, cheese or other foods that are low in fats in order to produce benefits for the immune system itself.
4. Eating Too Much Sugar
Eating excessive sugar to 8 tablespoons per day may reduce the ability of white blood cells to destroy the germs by 40 percent. This impact can be felt immediately 30 minutes after consumption of up to five hours ahead. Sugar intake can come from foods such as candy, colorful cereals, syrups, jams, Jely, cakes and biscuits.
Sources: Antara

Beware, High Salt Plus Low Potasium Lead to Increased Risk of Death

Although you are less salty meal, you should think twice again to add salt. Eating too much salt while low intake of potassium in the body could be at risk of deadly, according to U.S. government researchers concluded in their recent studies.
The findings of a team of researchers Center for Disease Control and Prevention USA (CDC) was the previous studies that argue against harsh. In another study found no evidence that reducing salt can reduce the risk of heart disease and premature death.
"Salt is still bad for you," said Health Commission of New York, Thomas Farley.He also perceive still need to campaign for the reduction of salt in restaurant and food packaging by 25 percent in the five-year target.
Most health experts agree with Farley that eating too much salt is not good for the body and reduce the intake can lower blood pressure. High blood pressure is proven to increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Levels of salt intake by increasing world population since the 1970's. Americans alone, according to the calculation of the salt consumed twice the recommended daily limit.
In the CDC study, published by the Archives of Internal Medicine, the study focuses specifically on growing where a diet high in salt but low in potassium very risky.
Farley who wrote an editorial in the report the CDC study, said the study is one of the best in monitoring long-term effects of high salt intake. "The results are fully consistent with the medical community talks about sodium intake," said Farley.
In the study, researchers monitor the long-term effects of sodium and potassium intake terhadal 12 thousand people. The study was conducted for over 15 years.
At the end of the study period, 2270 participants in the study had died. Of those who died, 825 recorded deaths from heart disease, and 433 due to clotting of blood vessels and stroke.
Key on Potassium
The study also found that those who eat high-salt and low potassium is the most high-risk.
"Those with a diet high in sodium and low potassium increased 50 percent risk of dying from various causes, or have twice the risk, aka 200 percent died of a heart attack," said Elena Kuklina, one of the researchers, explained.
He said people just need to increase your intake of potassium in the diet by adding more fresh fruits, vegetables such as spinach, grapes, carrots, sweet potatoes and sweet low-fat milk and yogurt
The study was not without challenges. Salt Institute, an industry group accused the CDC study found that link between salt and heart disease is statistically very significant.
"This is a publication with a disability who tried to carry the agenda of the anti-salt, a campaign that has long encouraged the CDC," said the director of the Salt Institute of Science and Research, Mort Satin.
"The only thing significant is the link between low potassium intake with mortality," said Satin in a statement.
Dr. Robert Briss, director of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion at the CDC, said the findings support the evidence and the general recommendation that higher doses of sodium is associated with adverse consequences on health.
And the conclusion is also suggested 'that a higher potassium have better benefits, "he said in a telephone interview Briss.
"A large sodium is not associated with table salt, but it is in the food and especially processed foods and in restaurants that we buy. The consumer, despite having a big motivation to reduce salt, do not have much choice," he said.
Kuklina said potassium often reverse the adverse effects of salt in the diet. The existence of elements that primarily affects those who frequently eat processed foods. "If sodium raises your blood pressure, then the potassium down. When the salt is to save and hold water, potassium helps your body get rid of excess water," he explained.
Instead of focusing only on the salt, Kuklina say researchers should focus on the balance between potassium and salt. "We need to seek both bersamaanya, reducing salt intake and increase potassium intake," he said.
Sources: Reuters / Onislam.net

Exercising Now, No Too Late! Stable Fit For Old Age


Everyone knows exercise is important to maintain stable weight. The news was shocking, physical aktivits you do today is very likely to prevent weight gain in the future as he entered middle age, according to a study published today in the Journal of the American Medical Association.
Researchers who followed 3554 people over two decades found that men who remain active. will only add weight to three pounds or less after 20 years than their counterparts with low activity.
For women, the difference between an active that is not even up to 7 pounds.Waist circumference is also reduced further, for both types of gender in high-activity group.
The study began in participants aged 18 to 30 years. Then at the age of 38 to 50 years shows that an ongoing commitment to physical activity means adding a little weight on participants. And at that age is a time where the cartilage began to slack stomach muscles and no longer singset.
High activity, do not have to do a marathon or pumping machinery fitness in an hour nonstop. The study used in the formulation of related how long, how often and how intense activities of participants is high activity comparable to spending 2.5 hours per week to make your heart pumping. Activities that can be like sports, brisk walking or even gardening, said research leader, Arlene Hankison, while instructors from the department of preventive medicine, Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago.
However, only 12 percent of men and women who fall into the 'elite' is. The reason is consistency. "It is not difficult to perform high-activity," said Arlene. "The difficult part is keeping to do all the time. With the sports you can not do, then stopped again, then up again. You must be committed," he said.
It would be difficult to achieve unless a person enjoys the activity. "Select aktivias that provides constant motivation to you," said Arlene. Whether it is aerobics, karate, dancing or brisk walking past the park. "Ensure that activity makes your heart pumping," he added.
Busy person's life may impose unusual physical exercise. But it's not a problem, says sports medicine expert at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. "You can only play music with the kids and dancing in the living room for half an hour," said Doperak.
Whatever the activity is performed, said Arlene, the main purpose is to conduct activities during a lifetime. "If it ran for 50 minutes will make you spend the entire rest of the week lazing, then you better just run 30 minutes every day if it can do for many years," he said.
Although participants with high activity are involved in the study of average age 18 years, by no means too late to move if you are far from the teens. "Hope is not necessarily lost," said Arlene.
"Entering the high activity into your daily life is not a decision too late," he said. In fact, he also says Arlene, a habit that, at every age level, will help prevent obesity, diabetes and heart problems, problems that increasingly dangerous when a person gets older.
Prescribe physical activity to yourself. "Exercise is medicine," said Doperak."Indeed, perhaps the best thing we can do for yourself is get up and move."

Sources: U.S. NEWS


Let's Move! Simply 15 Minutes Per day, Effective and Useful


Only 15 minutes Moderate exercise every day. What are the benefits? Activities that could be adding three years of age you live longer as a study in Taiwan concluded.
Everyone is struggling to discipline with standard guidelines in physical exercise 30 minutes per day for five days each week. The same effect was obtained with 15 minutes of moderate exercise routine origin. With these findings, experts expect a lower dose can motivate people to lift the body from the seat for a moment.
Research leader, Chi Pang Wen, National Health Research Institutes of Taiwan, said the dedication for 15 minutes per day like brisk walking, will provide benefits for everyone.
"This goes for men, women, young and old, are also smokers, those who are healthy or not. Doctoral often seen types of patients to give advice, but this is one suggestion that fits all," he told Reuters.
Wen and kolegannya, who published his findings in The Lancet medical journal, on Tuesday, conducting long-term study of 416 thousand participants in 13 years.He analyzed their medical history and reported their physical activity levels every year.
After examining some of the data with differences in age, sex and the wide range of health indicators based tertenu, they found, with only 15 minutes of moderate exercise a day can increase the life expectancy of up to three years than those who remained inactive.
"The first 15 minutes, the benefits are tremendous," said Wen. Exercise every day also relate to lower incidence of cancer and reduce cancer deaths seen in the ratio of one tenth of people.
"Sooner or later everyone must die. But compared with those who are inactive, the group with low levels of exercise, they are regular physical exercise experienced a reduction in risk of death from cancer by 10 percent," says Wen
Wen said the findings of studies in Taiwan is consistent with similar studies in the past that uses the Caucasian participants. But this time his team emerged with the most minimum level of physical exercise.
"No other research that is able to infer how a specific amount of time exercise. Temporal results of our study is the first to say that 15 minutes is enough," he said.
"We hope this study will be increasingly attractive to those not active, so that they can allocate 15 minutes instead of 30 minutes is sometimes still difficult."
Source: antara

Fruit Tin and A Million Worth


Fruit Tin. His name may be familiar to our ears. In the Qur'an there are any letters about this fruit. But we rarely or even not seen the fruit. In Indonesia is still a handful of people who try to improve.
If you go to East  Jakarta, there is one tin of fruit nurseries. Located on the road Cipinang Jaya no. 17, the nursery is breeding a variety of fig tree. This place also organizes courses and counseling planting fig trees.
Kelvin, a nursery employee, said the previous fig tree does not exist in Indonesia.He had to import from the country of origin. "Fruit is the fruit of a productive tin for continuous fruit without knowing the season," he explained. Fig fruit is unique. He fruiting but not flowering.
The fruit has many varieties. At least there are twelve kinds of fruit, fig. Among them are Jordan, fig purple, red Palestine, Turkey red, brown turkey, negronne, black Ischia, Libya, Turkey black, long yellow, panace tiger, and Flanders. But in the nursery there are only six varieties, Jordan, fig purple, red Palestine, Brown Turkey, Libya, Turkey and black.
More and Black, The Sweet Jordan fig tree is the most famous in Indonesia. "This type is most often bear fruit," says Kelvin. Planted in pots too often fruitful. When ripe, the fruit will turn yellow. Jordan fig fruit flavors are sweet compared to most other fig fruit.
Brown turkey fig species were classified as fruitful despite diligent in pots. It was sweet but not as sweet as Jordan. As the name suggests, the fruit is brown.
"The dark, sweet fruit growing," he added.
Tin purple leaves have different characteristics. If the other tin has five segmented leaves, purple tin has a threefold and thick leaves like teak leaves. "Generally makes a small still not been segmented," he explained. The downside of this type, only bear fruit if planted in the ground.
Tin libya has a thicker leaf. the fruit is smaller than the other tin of fruit, approximately only half of the other tin of fruit. The red tin red called Palestine. The leaves are similar to Libya. If it is still small, green fruit with red tip. Are still scarce and is being tried developers are black turkey. The fruit is bigger and black. The leaves are too big.
Benefits of Fruit Tin Many benefits are owned by the fruit of fig. Fig fruits contain potassium, omega three and omega six that serve to maintain high blood pressure and coronary heart attack. The content of coumarin in a tin of fruit can reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Fig fruit also contains calcium to help prevent osteoporosis and increase bone density. High calcium content makes the fruit can be eaten as an alternative to tin intake of calcium for people who are allergic to dairy products.
The content of tryptophan was able to avoid insomnia and make good quality sleep. Pectin contained in the tin of fruit can help reduce blood cholesterol. Fig fruit is very effective for weight loss process because it is rich in fiber.
If consumed regularly, can help reduce the risk of breast cancer and colon cancer.Diligent fig fruits can reduce fatigue, improve brain memory power, and prevent anemia. Laxative effect is contained in a tin of fruit can help treat chronic constipation. Fig fruit is rich in phenols and benzaldehid useful as anti-tumor agents, and can kill disease-causing microorganisms, fungi, viruses in the human body.
In addition to fruit, the leaves also have benefits. Some of the benefits of the drug for urinary stones, diabetes, and gout. "Boil five segments fig leaf, then drink the water," said Kelvin. The cooking water can help diabetic patients to reduce the amount of insulin intake and kidney infections.
How to cultivation "How fig trees are very easy to transplant," he said. The method he used is a practical method of grafts. Media that takes is compost and loose soil. Compost can be replaced with coconut fiber for better results. The comparison is one to one.
Peel the stems of trees. Media that has been wrapped in plastic and put a little hole in the trunk before. Tie. The roots will grow in plastic for a period of three weeks. After the roots grow, cut. Planting in polybags then store in a cool place for one week. "After one week can be stored in the hot sun," he explained.
Fig tree is better if planted in hot areas. "How to move a fig tree from the polybags are also quite easy," jelsnya. Dig holes in the soil medium. Allow two to three days. After three days, mix the soil with compost or manure. Then move the plants from polybags.
Further treatment of this tree is watered every morning. "Ideally, the plant is sprayed or sprinkled with a mixture of M-4, water and sugar," he explained. The comparison is a half bottle of m-4, twenty liters of water, and half a kilo of sugar.Once mixed, let stand for three days. Spray on the leaves or flush on the stem. Fig tree planting should be in the morning, afternoon, or when the weather is overcast."Not as hot," he concluded.